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Total Internal Reflection

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There is a source of light (flashlight) at the bottom of the lake. The rays from the source reach the surface of the water and continue through the air at a refracted angle, some rays are also reflected back into the water. As you increase the incident angle, more and more rays are reflected into the water. There comes an angle when all of the rays are reflected, this happens when the angle of incidence is equal to or greater than the critical angle, which is defined by the ratio of the two indexes of refraction:

sin = nair / nwater ,

where nair and nwater are the indexes of refraction of the air and water, respectively.

Thus, increasing the angle of incidence above the critical angle will result in total internal reflection.

 

Applications of Total Internal Reflection