Coulomb's Law - The law of electrostatic force
Any two charged objects will create a force on each other. Opposite charges will produce an attractive force while similar charges will produce a repulsive force. The greater the charges, the greater the force. The greater the distance between them, the smaller the force. For two spherically shaped charges the formula would look like:
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The forces are force pairs of each other so they will always be equal in size and opposite in direction.
Quantity of charge can be measured in either elementary charges (an elementary charge is the amount of charge on one electron or proton) or in Coulombs. An elementary charge is a very tiny unit of charge. Since it is so small it is not usually a convenient unit to measure typical amounts of charge. It would be similar to measuring distances from one town to the next, in millimeters. On the other hand, a coulomb is an incredibly large unit of charge. It is actually too large a unit of charge for talking about electrostatics (stationary charges) but it is an appropriately sized unit as we begin describing the quantity of charge moved in an electric circuit. Unfortunately, we are stuck with either one unit or the other. Here is a comparison of the two units:
1Coulomb = 6.3x1018 elementary charges
-or-
1elementary charge = 1.6x10-19 Coulomb
If you use the electrostatic constant (k) given above you will notice that it is given in terms of Coulombs so that forces us to have to measure the quantities of charge in Coulombs.
You should notice that the formula for Coulomb's law is very similar to Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation.
- They both follow the inverse square law, meaning they are both over r2.
- They both have a constant that adjusts the units and the amount to make it so the actual value of the force agrees with the calculated value of the force.
- One uses the product of the charges, the other uses the product of the masses.